Phase 1: Evaluate the experimental viability of black mass production from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (published paper: Supporting a Lithium Circular Economy via Reverse Logistics: Improving the Preprocessing Stage of the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Supply Chain — https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030651).
Phase 2: Lithium reverse logistics network comparison under centralized and decentralized preprocessing recovery stage. This involves capturing both preprocessing scenario stages using different optimization techniques and conducting techno-economic analysis on both results (ongoing).
Phase 3: Inter-disciplinary research effort towards evaluation of value recovery via electrodialysis and hydrometallurgy of black mass generated from small-scale production. The goal is to deploy design of experiment (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) on value optimization of critical mineral recovery from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (ongoing).